Advanced Chemistry

Dive into the world of Chemistry with structured topics, experiments, and real-life applications.

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids
1. Gas Laws & Ideal Gas Equation

Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s laws; ideal gas equation; absolute temperature scale
2. Deviation from Ideality

Real gases, van der Waals equation, compressibility factor
3. Kinetic Theory of Gases

Average, root mean square and most probable velocities; temperature relation
4. Law of Partial Pressures & Diffusion

Dalton’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, gas mixing behavior
5. Intermolecular Interactions

Types of forces, distance dependence, effect on physical properties
6. Properties of Liquids

Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity and molecular effects
Atomic Structure
1. Bohr Model & Hydrogen Spectrum

Bohr model, energy levels, spectral lines of hydrogen atom
2. Wave-Particle Duality

De Broglie hypothesis, matter waves, uncertainty principle
3. Quantum Mechanical Picture

Quantum numbers, energy levels, wave functions, probability density (plots)
4. Orbitals & Aufbau Principle

Shapes of s, p, d orbitals, Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion, Hund’s rule
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
5. Covalent Bond & Orbital Overlap

Formation of covalent bonds via orbital overlap
6. Hybridisation

Hybridisation involving s, p, d orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, sp3d2)
7. Molecular Orbital Theory

MO energy diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species (up to Ne2)
8. Hydrogen Bond & Polarity

Hydrogen bonding, dipole moment, polarity in molecules
9. VSEPR Model & Molecular Shapes

Shapes of molecules: linear, angular, trigonal, tetrahedral, pyramidal, etc.
Chemical Thermodynamics
1. Thermodynamic Properties

Intensive & extensive properties, state functions, standard state
2. First Law & Enthalpy

Internal energy, work (P-V), heat, enthalpy, heat capacity, Hess’s law
3. Entropy & Gibbs Energy

Second law, entropy, Gibbs energy, criteria of equilibrium & spontaneity
Chemical & Ionic Equilibrium
4. Law of Mass Action

Equilibrium constant (Kc, Kp), reaction quotient, Le Chatelier’s principle
5. Solubility & Buffers

Solubility product, common ion effect, pH, buffer solutions
6. Acids & Bases

Brønsted & Lewis concepts, hydrolysis of salts
Electrochemistry
7. Electrochemical Cells

Cell reactions, standard electrode potentials, Nernst equation
8. Conductance & Kohlrausch’s Law

Specific, equivalent & molar conductance, electrolytic conductance
9. Batteries & Corrosion

Primary, secondary, fuel cells, electrochemical series, corrosion
Chemical Kinetics
10. Rate of Reactions

Order, molecularity, rate law, rate constant, half-life
11. Rate Expressions & Temperature Effect

Differential/integrated rate laws, Arrhenius equation, activation energy
12. Catalysis

Homogeneous & heterogeneous catalysis, enzyme catalysis, activity & selectivity
Solid State
13. Classification of Solids

Crystalline vs amorphous solids, seven crystal systems, cell parameters
14. Close-Packed Structures

FCC, BCC, HCP lattices, nearest neighbours, ionic radii, radius ratio
15. Point Defects

Vacancies, interstitials, substitutional defects in crystals
Solutions
1. Henry's & Raoult's Law

Henry’s law, Raoult’s law, ideal solutions, partial vapor pressure
2. Colligative Properties

Lowering of vapor pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, van’t Hoff factor
Surface Chemistry
3. Adsorption

Physisorption & Chemisorption, Freundlich adsorption isotherm
4. Colloids

Types, methods of preparation, general properties, emulsions, surfactants, micelles
Classification of Elements & Periodicity
5. Modern Periodic Table

Modern periodic law, present form of periodic table, electronic configuration
6. Periodic Trends

Atomic & ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, electronegativity, chemical reactivity
Hydrogen
7. Hydrogen Basics

Position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties, uses
8. Hydrides & Water

Ionic, covalent & interstitial hydrides; physical & chemical properties of water, heavy water
9. Hydrogen Peroxide

Preparation, reactions, uses, and structure; hydrogen as a fuel
s-Block Elements
10. Alkali & Alkaline Earth Metals

Reactivity towards air, water, H2, halogens, acids, reducing nature, uses
11. Oxides, Hydroxides & Halides

General characteristics, compounds of lithium, beryllium, sodium, calcium
12. Salts of Oxoacids

Preparation, properties, and uses of carbonates, hydroxides, sulphates
p-Block Elements
1. General Properties & Trends

Oxidation states, chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of B, C, N, O, F
2. Group 13 Elements

Reactivity, preparation, properties & uses of borax, orthoboric acid, diborane, BF3, AlCl3, alums, B & Al
3. Group 14 Elements

Reactivity, allotropes of carbon, CO, CO2, SiO2, silicones, silicates, zeolites
4. Group 15 Elements

Reactivity, allotropes of P, N2, NH3, HNO3, PH3, PCl3, PCl5, oxides & oxoacids
5. Group 16 Elements

Reactivity, simple oxides, allotropes of S, O2, O3, SO2, H2SO4, oxoacids of S
6. Group 17 Elements

Reactivity, Cl2, HCl, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids, bleaching powder
7. Group 18 Elements

Chemical properties, uses, xenon compounds with F & O
d-Block Elements
8. General Properties

Oxidation states, stability, standard electrode potentials, interstitial compounds, alloys, catalytic properties
9. Oxoanions of Cr & Mn

Preparation, structure, and reactions of chromate, dichromate, permanganate
f-Block Elements
10. Lanthanoids & Actinoids

Lanthanoid & actinoid contractions, oxidation states, general gitcharacteristics
Coordination Compounds
1. Werner’s Theory & Nomenclature

cis-trans & ionization isomerism, hybridization, geometries (linear, tetrahedral, square planar, octahedral)
2. Bonding & Properties

VBT & CFT bonding, magnetic properties, colour, ligands, spectrochemical series, stability, applications, metal carbonyls
Isolation of Metals
3. Metal Extraction

Ores, concentration, extraction from concentrated ores, thermodynamic & electrochemical principles, cyanide process, refining
Principles of Qualitative Analysis
4. Detection of Ions

Groups I-V ions (Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺); Nitrate, halides, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulphate, sulphide
Environmental Chemistry
5. Pollution & Green Chemistry

Atmospheric, water, soil pollution; industrial waste; strategies for control; green chemistry principles
Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
6. Carbon Hybridization & Bonds

σ & π bonds, shapes, aromaticity, isomerism, stereoisomers, reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, free radicals)
Hydrocarbons
7. Alkanes

Physical properties, conformations, preparation, reactions: combustion, halogenation, oxidation
8. Alkenes & Alkynes

Physical properties, elimination reactions, hydration, metal acetylides, oxidation, reduction, electrophilic addition
9. Benzene

Structure, electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts reactions, directing effects
Functional Organic Compounds
10. Phenols

Physical properties, preparation, electrophilic substitution, Reimer-Tiemann, Kolbe, esterification, oxidation/reduction
11. Alkyl Halides

Rearrangement reactions, Grignard reactions, nucleophilic substitution & stereochemistry
12. Alcohols & Ethers

Physical properties, esterification, dehydration, reactions with reagents, Williamson synthesis, C-O cleavage
Carbonyl & Amino Compounds
13. Aldehydes & Ketones

Preparation, oxidation/reduction, oxime & hydrazone formation, Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro, haloform, nucleophilic addition
14. Carboxylic Acids

Physical properties, preparation from nitriles, Grignard, esters, amides, benzoic acid; reactions: reduction, halogenation, derivatives
15. Amines

Preparation, Hoffmann, Gabriel synthesis, nitrous acid reactions, diazonium salts, carbylamine, Hinsberg, alkylation & acylation
Haloarenes, Biomolecules & Polymers
16. Haloarenes

Fittig, Wurtz-Fittig, nucleophilic aromatic substitution (excluding benzyne)
17. Biomolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids: classification, structure, reactions, anomers, peptide linkage
18. Polymers

Types of polymerization, homo & co-polymers, natural & synthetic polymers, applications
Chemistry in Everyday Life & Practical Organic Chemistry
19. Everyday Chemistry

Drug-target interactions, therapeutic action, antacids, antihistamines, analgesics, antimicrobials, artificial sweeteners, soaps & detergents
20. Practical Organic Chemistry

Detection of elements (N, S, halogens), functional groups: hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, nitro